Horse in Science

[Taxonomy | Chromosomes | Metaphase spreads | Karyotypes |
Equine tooth development | Radiographs | Ethmoid hematoma]


Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equus caballus

Taxonomy

a scientific system of orderly classification of plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships

KingdomAnimalialiving beings typically differing from plants in capacity for spontaneous movement and rapid motor response to stimulation
PhylumChordatadevelopment of long, flexible rod of cells that in the embryos of the higher vertebrates forms the supporting axis of the body, dorsal (situated near or on the back) central nervous system
Sub-phylumVertebratathe notochord is replaced, in the adult, by a backbone and the brain is encased in a cranium
ClassMammaliaskin is usually covered in hair, nourishment of young is via milk secreted by mammary glands
OrderPerissodactylaThe odd-toed ungulates: horses, rhinos and tapirs
FamilyEquidaeHorses, Zebras and Wild Ass (1 toe)
GenusEquusthe group of all modern equines, rigid spine, long neck, long legs, fused leg bones with no rotation, long nose, flexible muzzle, deep jaw
Speciescaballustrue horse
Speciesasinustrue asses and donkeys of northern Africa
Specieshemionusdesert onagers of Asia and the Mideast
Speciesburchellilowlands zebra of Africa
SpecieszebraMountain zebra of South Africa
Speciesgrevyimost horse-like zebra

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About chromosomes.....

  • Information for traits (like coat color) are carried in genes which are made up of DNA.
  • A single molecule of DNA can encode thousand of genes coiled and condensed into a structure called a chromosome.
  • The dam contributes 31 chromosomes plus one X chromosome and the sire contributes another 31 chromosomes plus either an X or a Y chromosome.
  • The normal number of chromosomes for a mare is written as 64, XX and for a stallion 64, XY. Horse has 64 (32 pair) chromosomes, compared to human 46 (23 pair) and mouse with 40 (20 pair) chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes are visible under a light microscope and can be photographed

To create a photograph of horse chromosomes.....

  • blood is drawn
  • white blood cells are separated out and cultured in the laboratory for a few days
  • dividing cells are collected and dropped on a glass slide
  • metaphase is the stage of division when chromosomes are most visible
  • chromosomes released from the dropped cells are stained to show a distinctive banding pattern
  • chromosomes are looked at under the microscope and photographed.

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Below are photographs, as seen through the light microscope, of one cell's chromosomes from each of two Thoroughbred horses: Sunny and Lawdy.

XY Sunny - XY, gelding metaphase spread

XX Lawdy - XX, mare metaphase spread

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A karyotype is the name for the entire set of photographed chromosomes, cut up and arranged in pairs.

  • Sunny - XY karyotype Coming Soon
  • Lawdy - XX karyotype Coming Soon
  • Idiographic karyotype of the horse by Kris Carroll
    General viewing: .jpg version
    For educational use: PostScript* version *PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems Inc.

A karyotype is also the name for a cartoon illustration of the chromosomes which is used by scientists in their genetic reports.

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Equine Tooth Development

Development of milk (deciduous) teeth

Teeth errupt in pairs, in upper and lower jaw, in
order from front to back. Deciduous teeth may be
retained as caps needing to be removed.

1st central incisor birth - 1 week (approximately)
2nd inter../mediate incisor 4-6 weeks (approximately)
3rd corner incisor 6-9 months (approximately)
canine or tush -
bar space where bit fits
1st premolar (wolf) birth - 2 weeks (approximately)
2nd premolar birth - 2 weeks (approximately)
3rd premolar birth - 2 weeks (approximately)

Development (first eruption) of permanent (adult) teeth

1st central incisor 2 years (approximately)
2nd inter../mediate incisor 3 years (approximately)
3rd corner incisor 4 years (approximately)
canine or tush 4-5 years (approximately)
bar space where bit fits
1st premolar (wolf) 5-6 mos (approximately)
2nd premolar 2 years (approximately)
3rd premolar 3 years (approximately)
4th premolar 4 years (approximately)
1st molar 9-12 mos (approximately)
2nd molar 2 years (approximately)
3rd molar 2-4 years (approximately)

The average adult stallion or gelding (5 years) has 40-44 teeth, average female 36-40. Mares normally do not develop canines (or tushes). Vestigial wolf teeth are more likely found in the upper jaw but can develop in either. Wolf teeth occasionally need to be removed if they don't fully erupt and naturally fall out on their own.

Learn more in an HC Interactive Quiz Equine Dentistry

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4 images from Michigan State University's College of Veterinary Medicine

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View Radiographs (x-rays).....

These "rad" .gifs appear thanks to David Barbee, Washington State University Veterinary School.

Posterior view Posterior view of Fetlock to Heel: (from the bottom up) third phalanx, distal sesamoid (navicular) bone,[coffin joint] second phalanx, [pastern joint] first phalanx, proximal sesamoid bone..

../medial view ../medial view of Fetlock to Heel: (from the bottom up) third phalanx, distal sesamoid (navicular) bone,[coffin joint] second phalanx, [pastern joint] first phalanx, proximal sesamoid bone.

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The Case of an 8 year old Involved in a Bar(n) Brawl

TVG

rec.equestrian, Terry von Gease, sent this case history of an ethmoid hematoma, an object that bears every resemblance to an oyster from another world, that plagued one of my horses all last year and produced some spectacular bleeding. This is just one of many little surprises that can live up a horses snout and, in the process of killing them, suck every nickel out of your jeans."

This is, or was at the time, an 8 year old paint horse that started a chronic bleeding in his left nostril around January 1995. It wasn't more than the odd trickle of blood to start and it didn't seem to be affected by work or anything else and he had no other symptoms of anything, so we sat on it for a while to see just what might come of it. Figured it might have been a blow when he was out carousing with the other horses. Or a bar fight.

Then the bleeding stepped up the pace around the end of March, 1995, so we figured it might be prudent to pull him up to UC Davis and let them have a squint at him. The first picture, nose1.jpeg dated 04/05/95 was taken on that occasion. We decided to treat it by injecting the thing with formalin to pickle it rather than elect for surgery which not only is a royal pain in that region, but also has a recurrence rate about the same as just shooting it up.

The official prognostication was three to six treatments to clear it up. Since UC Davis is about 140 miles from the home I was somewhat less than pleased with the prospect, but the stick and ball (Polocrosse) season was starting and at least I could play him while all of this was going on.

It ended up taking twelve treatments to get the thing tidied up as seen in nose2.jpeg dated 08/07/95, and by that time the horse had so much formaldehyde in him that if he were to expire, he'd probably be preserved forever. So about 3400 miles and $1500 later it seemed to be under control.

Then along about January 1996 he fired an incredible amount of the nastiest, bloodiest stuff, that you'd go a long way to avoid, out of the subject nostril so I pulled him back to Davis for a recheck as seen in nose3.jpeg dated 01/08/96. They scoped everywhere and found no particular reason for the discharge. The big lump in the middle is just scar tissue from the original event but it looked healthy enough. You can see a big red (mucus) forming at about 2:00 but the general consensus was that he might have had an abscess hiding somewhere that finally ruptured or some other passing thing.

Since that time all has been well. The horse tends to more mucus in the left side. Perhaps it's due to the change in the geometry of the region. Who knows. What I do know it the entire episode was less than satisfying.

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